{"id":1270,"date":"2023-04-25T18:40:39","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T15:10:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/etech-company.com\/?p=1270"},"modified":"2023-07-02T15:10:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-02T11:40:07","slug":"oil-and-gas-refinery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/etech-company.com\/en_us\/oil-and-gas-refinery\/","title":{"rendered":"Oil and gas refinery"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oil and petroleum products explained<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How crude oil is refined into petroleum products<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Petroleum refineries convert (refine) crude oil into\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/use-of-oil.php\">petroleum products<\/a>\u00a0for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/glossary\/index.php?id=Petrochemical\">feedstocks<\/a>\u00a0for making chemicals.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=8330\">Petroleum refineries are complex<\/a>\u00a0and expensive industrial facilities. All refineries have three basic steps:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php#Separation\">Separation<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php#Conversion\">Conversion<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php#Treatment\">Treatment<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Separation<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern separation involves piping crude oil through hot furnaces. The resulting liquids and vapors are discharged into\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=6970\">distillation units<\/a>. All refineries have atmospheric distillation units, but more complex refineries may have\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=9130\">vacuum distillation units<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inside the distillation units, the liquids and vapors separate into petroleum components, called\u00a0<em>fractions<\/em>, according to their boiling points. Heavy fractions are on the bottom and light fractions are on the top.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lightest fractions, including gasoline and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/glossary\/index.php?id=Liquefied%20refinery%20gases%20(LRG)\">liquefied refinery gases<\/a>, vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they condense back to liquids.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Medium weight liquids, including kerosene and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/glossary\/index.php?id=Distillate%20fuel%20oil\">distillates<\/a>, stay in the middle of the distillation tower.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heavier liquids, called gas oils, separate lower down in the distillation tower, and the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conversion<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After distillation, heavy, lower-value distillation fractions can be processed further into lighter, higher-value products such as gasoline. At this point in the process, fractions from the distillation units are transformed into\u00a0<em>streams<\/em>\u00a0(intermediate components) that eventually become finished products.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most widely used conversion method is called\u00a0<em>cracking<\/em>\u00a0because it uses heat, pressure, catalysts, and sometimes hydrogen to crack heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, rocket-shaped reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers, and other vessels. Complex refineries may have one or more types of crackers, including\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=9150\">fluid catalytic cracking units<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=9650\">hydrocracking\/hydrocracker units<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cracking is not the only form of crude oil conversion. Other refinery processes rearrange molecules rather than splitting molecules to add value.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=9971\">Alkylation<\/a>, for example, makes gasoline components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking. The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels and tall, skinny towers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=10731\">Reforming<\/a>\u00a0uses heat, moderate pressure, and catalysts to turn naphtha, a light, relatively low-value fraction, into high-octane gasoline components.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Treatment<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The finishing touches occur during the final treatment. To make gasoline, refinery technicians carefully combine a variety of streams from the processing units. Octane level, vapor pressure ratings, and other special considerations determine the gasoline blend.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Storage<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both incoming crude oil and the outgoing final products are stored temporarily in large tanks on a tank farm near the refinery. Pipelines, trains, and trucks carry the final products from the storage tanks to locations across the country.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/energyexplained\/oil-and-petroleum-products\/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php<\/a><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oil and petroleum products explained How crude oil is refined into petroleum products Petroleum refineries convert (refine) crude oil into\u00a0petroleum<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1274,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-projects"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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